Olympic Archery Fans: 2011

Thursday 29 December 2011

Olympic Archery History - Sydney 2000

Sydney Summer Games were held in Sydney , the capital city of the state of New South Wales in Australia from 15th September to 1st October in the year 2000 were officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad. The stadium is located in the Sydney Olympic Park near Homebush in Sydney. Stadium Australia was the largest Olympic Stadium. Now the stadium is called Telstra Stadium.The Games were officially opened by Governor General William Deane . In the stadium, the Olympic Flame was lit by Cathy Freeman.

In Sudny Summer Games 10,651 competitors from 199 countries took part. There were 300 events in 28 sports in Sydney 2000 Summer Games and archery was also included. United States won 97 medals with 40 gold, 24 silver and 33 bronze medals in the Sydney 2000 Summer Games.

One hundred twenty eight archers from forty six nations competed in 2000 Sudny Summer Games. One change from the 1996 Olympics was that the team competition was held on two days rather than the one-day format used in Atlanta. This new format for the team competition allowed for the men and women to have their own full day of matches.This change enhanced the enjoyment of the spectators and the worldwide television audience.

Women Korean Team in Traing

The archers competed in the four gold medal events individual and team events for men and for women that were contested at these games. The Korean team won three out of the four gold medals contested. Eight Olympic records and three world records were broken at these games.

Sydney 2000 Olympic Medal

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Wednesday 28 December 2011

Olympic Archery History - Atlanta 1996

The Atlanta Olympics were held from 19th July to 4th August in the Centenial Olympic Stadium in Atlanta, the capital city of the state of Georgia in United States in the year 1996. The stadium was constructed for the twenty-sixth Summer Games. The Atlanta Olympics was twenty-sixth Summer Games and were officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad.

The Atlanta Olympic Games were officially opened by President Bill Clinton. The athletes uttered Olympic oath led by Teresa Edwards. Judges took Olympic oath led by Hobie Billingsley. In the stadium, the Olympic Flame was lit by Muhammad Ali. In 1996 Atlanta Summer Games 10,320 competitors from 197 countries took part. There were 271 events in 26 sports and archery was also included.

The Atlanta 1996 Games marked a new milestone for the exposure of archery. Never before have so many spectators been able to watch archery live on television or in the stands as 54,680 spectators attended the competitions. The Atlanta archery coverage won the Golden Rings Award from the International Olympic Committee for the best Olympic Sports coverage.

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Olympic Archery History 1900-1992

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a bow. Archery has been used for hunting and combat historically. Archery was an important military and hunting skill before the use of gunpowder. Later on archery has become a precision sport.

Olympic Archery History 1900-1992

Archery first appeared in the Olympic Paris Games in 1900 when seven disciplines in varying distances were contested. In St. Louis 1904 Olympics had five archery events but no athletes participated from outside the United States. Women competed in the 1904 Olympics, making archery one of the first sports competitions to include women. At the 1908 Summer Olympics, there were three archery events. Archery was not featured at the 1912 Summer Olympics but reappeared in 1920 Summer Olympic Antwerp, Belgium. After 1920, the sport was dropped from the program as there were no fixed international rules for archery. Hubert van Innis from Belgium is the most decorated archer in Olympic history, winning six gold medals and three silvers in 1900 and 1920.

Women Archery Competed First Time in the Olympics

The sport was reintroduced in Olympics schedule more than 50 years later with the individual event for men and for women in 1972 Munich Olympics. In which John Williams and Doreen Wilber, of the USA, captured the gold medals. This form of the archery competition was held until the 1988 Summer Olympics, when team competition was added and the Grand FITA Round format was used. Barcelona 1992 was the first time that archery featured exciting head-to-head competition and single elimination matches. Since then, archery has been a regular event in the Summer Games.

Doreen Wilbe right of John Williams

The thirtieth Summer Games will be held in the year 2012 in the London Olympic Stadium in London. There will be 300 events in 26 sports in the Thirtieth Summer Games in 2012. Archery event is included in the schedule.

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Archery World Championships History

International Archery Federation (FITA) is the international governing body of archery and was founded on the 4th of September, 1931 in Lwow, Poland, by seven countries France, Czech Republic, Sweden, Poland, the United States, Hungary, and Italy. FITA is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. International Archery Federation (FITA) aims were to return archery to the Olympic Games and interpreting the FITA rules and arranging for the organization of World Championships and other international competitions.

Archery World Championships History

Competitions were held in four events, an individual event for men and women and a team event for men and women from 1931 to 1993. In 1995 the Compound Bow Division was added for men and women and for men's and women's teams.

Archery Target World Championships were organized every single year until 1959 with a few exceptions, but since then they have been held every two years only.

The First Archery World Field Championships were held in 1959, but the second championship was not held until then years later. World Field Championships are now organized every two years.

Archery World Indoor Championships is a recent competition was first organized in 1991. The first World Junior Championships was also held in 1991. The Compound Division and competition in the Olympic Round format were added for the 1994 edition in Roncegno, Italy.

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Olympic - Archery Targets

Archery Targets come in a variety of shapes and form are usually made of heavy-duty foam or wood, despite the fact that the circular, static targets are the most common ones. Those rounded archery targets are composed of 10 concentric rings. Each ring has its color and their respective scoring values.

Ring archery targets are the easiest one to make. It is somewhat similar to a dartboard. The only difference is that there are no other divisions on the circles placed inside each other. The first two outer rings are white.

The score for hitting the white is one point. The next two circles are black, signifying three points for every arrow that landed on those spots. Black is followed by blue, which means 5 points. The next is red at 7 points and lastly yellow or gold, at 9 points per arrow. In some archery competition, there's a 10th ring, which is also gold. Technically, it can be referred to as the bull's eye. It is worth 10 points.

Making static ring targets is rather easy. But as advancements are implemented, there are three dimensional archery targets available in specialty stores.

These targets normally follow the figure of an animal, usually that of a deer, a bear, or a bird. These targets are very helpful to those who are not just enjoying archery shooting. It is especially for people who are applying their skills in actual animal hunting as well.

The targets that are patterned from animals are the ones not easy to make. You may be able to just stick a life-size picture of a deer on the target range. But then again, the effect of that wouldn't be as good if a 3D image was used instead.

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Archery Facts and Figures

According to Last updates about archert in March 2010. Facts and Figures of archery are given below.

Thirty two world class archery events since 2006. More than 60 countries and 600 participants at the last World Championships. Around 140 countries as Member Associations. 100,000 articles on the web per year.1,500,000 visits per year on www.archery.tv (on YouTube). 2,500,000 visits per year on www.worldarchery.org.8 million archers worldwide.More than 35 million viewers worldwide watched every minute of the archery broadcast during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. About 1 billion cumulative TV viewers per year for archery. Top Countries in Recurve Bow are Korea, China, India, Japan, Russia, Ukraine, Italy, Poland, Great Britain, France, Turkey, Mexico, USA. Top Countries in Compound Bow are USA, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, El Salvador, Australia, Russia, Italy, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, India.

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Olympic - Archery Techniques

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a bow. Historically archery was used in hunting and combat. Later on archery has become a precision sport. International Archery Federation (FITA) is the international governing body of archery. FITA is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Archery was introduced as a men's event in the modern Summer Games in 1900 for the first time. The thirtieth Summer Games will be held in the year 2012 in the London Olympic Stadium in London and Archery is included in the schedule.

Archery Techniques

These are the three basic archery techniques that are required for goog player. These are given below.

Archery Stance

Your stance determines the strength, consistency, and the accuracy of your shot. There are different archery stances. It would be best that you learn all of them and use the one that best fits the occasion. The Even stance is the stance following a natural position stance. It is also very easy to do. However, this stance is not advisable for shooters that have wide chests, as it lowers the area for clearance of the string. Other than the Even stance, you can also do the Open stance, Closed stance, and Oblique stance.

Drawing and Aiming Techniques

To draw your weapon and aim at your target, it is important that your fingers are relaxed. This is the very basic drawing and aiming technique that you should master. To help you with it, use the necessary accessories. An arm guard is going to be essential. The way you draw and aim at your target depends upon your skills and physical abilities as an archer. However, you should also consider the type of bow that you are using.

Release and Follow-Through Techniques

To properly release your arrow, you need to exude both relaxation and concentration. For a good follow-through, make sure that all your fingers resting on the bowstring are relaxed. Your eyes and head should be turned toward the target at all times too, following the direction and the flight of the launched arrow. Your bow arm should be extended towards your target. And lastly, your hand should grip the bow. Use the sling to help you out in this step.

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Tuesday 27 December 2011

Archery Rules

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a bow. The bow and arrow is a projectile weapon system (a bow with arrows) that predates recorded history and is common to most cultures. Historically archery was used in hunting and combat. Later on archery has become a precision sport.

Archery Rules

There are some basic rules for all sports of the world. Archery sports has also some rules and these rules are given below

In the competition, a bow other than crossbow has to be used. To make it possible to identify the archer, arrows must have a distinctive crest. Arrows must be knocked, after the signal to shoot is given. Some arrows may fall from the bow and cannot be reached from the shooting line. Such arrows are considered to be shot. The designated target may be shot with only six arrows. When more than six are shot, the lowest six are counted. If an arrow is shot at any other target, then it is not counted.

Shooting distance

The archer is required to shoot from the longest distance first, the second longest distance next and so on. The distances for the shot are as follows. For men these are 90 meters, 70 meters, 50 meters and 30 meters. For women these distances are 70 meters, 60 meters, 50 meters and 30 meters. Scores are recorded in such a way that the highest score is first and the lowest score is last. One FITA round may require one or two days to shoot. A signal is given to retrieve the arrows. Only after this signal, the arrows can be retrieved.

Outdoor Target Archery

The diameters of the standard faces are 122 centimeters and 80 centimeters. The 122 centimeters face has a circle at the center that has a radius of 12.2 centimeters. This circle is surrounded by four concentric bands. The breadth of these bands is 12.2 centimeters when measured radically. The 80 centimeters face has a circle at the center that has a radius of 8 centimeters. This circle is surrounded by four concentric bands. The breadth of these bands is 8 centimeters when measured radically.

Target Faces

The colors of the target faces of both types are gold, red, and blue, black and white from the center to the periphery. The center of the gold is called as the pinhole. This is marked with a cross. The lines of this cross must not be more than 2 mm in thickness. On the 122 centimeter standard face, there is a tolerance of 3 mm on the diameter of every scoring zone. On the 80 centimeter standard face, there is a tolerance of 2 mm on the diameter of every scoring zone.

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Archery Equipment

Archery is the practice of shooting arrows with the help of a bow. Archery has originated far back in history. Historically archery was used in hunting and combat. Later on archery has become a precision sport.

Archery Equipment

These are basic four archery equipment necessary for archery sports are given below.

Bow

In archery, there are different bows to choose from. Recurve bows are the ones used in the Olympic Games. Recurve bows are especially designed and bent archery bows that are usually fitted by a limb. If you want to join archery competitions, this is the bow that you need to practice with. Otherwise, you can use the traditional bows and crossbows. But be informed that they don't necessarily conform to the Olympic standards.

Arrows

Archery arrows come in different varieties too. You can also build your own arrows or you can simply buy the ready-to-use ones. Generally, archery arrows can be classified according to competition arrows or leisure arrows. Leisure arrows are good for hobbyists. Go for the competition arrow types if you want to eventually join an archery contest. Arrows are one of the many pieces of archery equipment you can't do without.

Sights and Scopes

If guns have crosshairs, bows have sights and scopes. These archery equipment pieces could take you closer to the target so don't enter a competition without it. The more complex the sight is, the better accuracy you can get from your shot. Sights are specifically fitted to the bows. So every type of bow needs a special type of sight.

Stabilizers

To ensure yourself of a good shot every time, you need stabilizers to do the job. Stabilizers are rods and mounts connected to the arrow to ensure you of a steady hand and a steady shot. Top not archers invest on these archery equipment items to get their game going.

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International Archery Federation (FITA) and Global Sports Development (GSD) Partnership

Archery is the practice of shooting arrows with the help of a bow. Archery has originated far back in history. Historically archery was used in hunting and combat. Later on archery has become a precision sport.

International Archery Federation (FITA) and Global Sports Development (GSD) Partnership

International Archery Federation (FITA) is the international governing body of archery and was founded on the 4th of September, 1931 in Lwow, Poland. FITA is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. International Archery Federation (FITA) aims were to return archery to the Olympic Games and interpreting the FITA Rules and arranging for the organization of World Championships and other international competitions.

Global Sports Development (GSD) is hard at work as an advocate for the development of sport in all over the world countries where access to sport is limited. One of their most important allies in this effort is the International Archery Federation (FITA).

Global Sports Development (GSD) has enjoyed a successful partnership with FITA, since 2006. They have supported FITA's efforts around the globe, initially supporting FITA's "Viva America" project. This project gave underprivileged youth from developing countries in the Americas the opportunity to compete in the 2006 Junior World Championships in Merida, Mexico.

Though the "Viva America" program ended with the 2006 Junior World Championships, the impact of the program did not. Many of the qualifying Latin-American archers from "Viva America" were inspired to help young African archers prepare for their own Continental Championships. GSD was inspired as well, and offered its support to FITA's program, aiding African countries.

The results were outstanding, with FITA calling the 2008 African Championships "the most successful archery competition ever held in Africa." A total of ten African countries participated in the competition. The top three young men and the top three young women all met the qualifying score for the 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing due to that tournament. This was a feat that had never before been achieved in Africa.

Since then, FITA and GSD have continued to provide similar programs to developing countries and underprivileged youth. In 2009, young archers from countries such as Namibia, Barbados, Trinidad, Tobago, Sri Lanka, Samoa and New Zealand were offered the chance to attend a training camp in Ogden, Utah USA. Their participation provided the young archers with the opportunity to qualify for the World Youth Championships, the 2010 Youth Olympic Games and the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

Programs like these continue to be offered, and their success has had an impact throughout Africa and the Middle East. But most importantly, this increased participation of youth from developing African and Mediterranean countries can act as a catalyst for the improvement of the culture of sport throughout both of these regions. As new athletes rise up as positive role models, the effects on communities and nations are dramatic. GSD is proud to share in the impact being made by FITA and its programs around the world.

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International Archery Federation (FITA)

International Archery Federation (FITA) is the international governing body of archery and was founded on the 4th of September, 1931 in Lwow, Poland, by seven countries France, Czech Republic, Sweden, Poland, the United States, Hungary, and Italy. FITA is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. FITA serves to promote and regulate archery on an international level, is devoted to the development of archery in areas with little access to the sport.

International Archery Federation (FITA) had more than 145 Member Associations, National Federations or Associations world-wide, is recognized by the International Olympic Committee and in conformity with the Olympic principles. International Archery Federation (FITA) is continuously developing programs to provide training, equipment, and even financial assistance to help struggling communities that are without the resources to build a thriving archery program. International Archery Federation (FITA) aims were to return archery to the Olympic Games and interpreting the FITA Rules and arranging for the organization of World Championships and other international competitions.

Archery made its Olympic debut at the 1900 Paris Games as a men's event. Archery was again contested in 1904, 1908, and 1920 Summer Olympic Games. Women competed in the 1904 Olympic Games, making archery one of the first sports competitions to include women. Archery was then off the programmers for slightly over 50 years. Archery was re-introduced to the Olympics' schedule in 1972 Olympic Games with individual events for men and for women.

In 1961 Inger Frith became President of the International Archery Federation. The first woman to serve as president of an international sports federation and largely through her efforts archery returned to the Olympic programmed in 1972.

FITA began archery holding Target World Championships in 1931. They were held every year until 1959, when the Championships became biennial events. 1959 was also the first year that FITA held the World Field Championship. In 2003 run archery was officially admitted as a new discipline of the FITA.

Global Sports Development (GSD) is hard at work as an advocate for the development of sport in countries all over the world, particularly in areas where access to sport is limited. One of their most important allies in this effort is the International Archery Federation (FITA).

Congress is the International Archery Federation’s highest governing body and is held every 2 years in conjunction with the World Outdoor Championships. Between Congresses it is governed by the FITA Council to which the President, Vice-Presidents and Council Members are elected for four year terms. Working within FITA for the improvement of the sport are the Permanent Committees. FITA has also established Ad Hoc Committees.

International Archery Federation (FITA) celebrated the organization's 80th anniversary in July of 2011, a large majority of the FITA Congress voted to change the name from FITA to the World Archery Federation or WA.

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Olympic Archery - Introduction

The best amateur athletes in the world match skill and endurance in a series of contests called the Olympic Games. Olympic Games are major international event consists of summer and winter sports. In Olympic Games thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The modern Olympic Games are named for athletic contests held in ancient Greece for almost 12 centuries. In 1896, the Summer Games were revived by Pierre Fredy, Baron de Coubertin, a French nobleman. From then the era of the Modern Summer Games started.

Archery was introduced to the Olympics' schedule as a men's event in the modern Summer Games in 1900 for the first time. Archery was again contested in 1904, 1908, and 1920 Summer Olympic Games. Women competed in the 1904 Olympic Games, making archery one of the first sports competitions to include women. In those four Olympic Games it was possible for an archer to compete in numerous events and win several medals. Hubert van Innis from Belgium is the most successful archer in Olympic history, winning six gold medals and three silvers in 1900 and 1920.

Hubert Van Innis

Archery was re-introduced to the Olympics' schedule in 1972 Olympic Games with individual events for men and for women. John Williams and Doreen Wilber, of the USA, are the most successful archers captured the gold medals. Since then, Archery has been held in every Summer Olympics Games. In Seoul 1988, the team competition was added to the medal program. Barcelona 1992 was the first time that archery featured exciting head-to-head competition and single elimination matches.

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Monday 12 December 2011

Archery - Development in Asia

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a bow. Archery is derived from 'arcus' (Latin). Archery has been used for hunting and combat historically. However in modern times, Archery's main use is that of a recreational activity. Archery was an important military and hunting skill before the use of gunpowder. Classical civilizations fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Archery is used as a recreational activity now-a-days.

Chinese introduced archery to Japan in the 6th century; it had an overriding influence on later etiquette and techniques. One of Japan’s martial arts was originally known as kyujutsu (the art of the bow), now known as kyudo (way of the bow). Modern Kyudo is practiced primarily as a method of physical, moral, and spiritual development. After certain ritual movements, the archer moves to the shooting line and shoots from a distance of 28 meters at a target 36 cm in diameter set in a bank of sand that is roofed over. The bow used is 2, 21 meter-long and made of laminated strips of bamboo and wood.

kyudo or Japanese Archery

In the Greco-Roman period, the bow was more used for personal exploits or hunting, rather than warfare. Archers are frequently seen on pottery at that time. The Parthia’s were horsemen who developed the skill of swiveling around in the saddle and could shoot backwards at full gallop.

Middle Eastern superiority in archer equipment and technique continued for centuries. With bows like those of the Assyrians and Parthia’s, Attila the Hun and his Mongols conquered much of Europe and Asia, and Turkish archers threw back the Crusaders. The Asian/Turkish bows were highly efficient and the record shot with a composite Turkish flight bow was close to 900 yards, far beyond the capability of an English yew bow.

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Archery - Ancient Art

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a bow. Archery is derived from 'arcus' (Latin). Archery has been used for hunting and combat historically. However in modern times, Archery's main use is that of a recreational activity. Archery was an important military and hunting skill before the use of gunpowder. Classical civilizations fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Archery is used as a recreational activity now-a-days.

Archery is one of the oldest arts still practiced. This history will not only take you through a journey on the evolution of archery, but also through the history of mankind. Evidence of ancient archery has been found throughout the world.

Although archery probably dates to the Stone Age (around 20’000 BC), the earliest people known to have used bows and arrows were the ancient Egyptians, who adopted archery at least 5000 years ago for purposes of hunting and warfare.

In China, archery dates back to the Shang dynasty (1766-1027 BC). A war chariot of that time carried a three-man team: driver, lancer and archer. During the ensuing Zhou (Chou) dynasty (1027-256 BC) nobles at court attended sport archery tournaments that were accompanied by music and interspersed with elegant salutations.

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Tuesday 7 June 2011

Archery - Field Archery

Field Archery is a form which involves shooting at targets generally set at various distances (often unmarked) in a in woodland and rough terrain. Field Archery is particularly popular in Europe and America. One goal of field archery is to improve the techniques and abilities required for bow hunting in a more realistic outdoor and wooded setting. Field Archery is usually shot according to either IFAA (International Field Archery Association) rules or to FITA (Federation International de Tir a L'Arc or International Archery Federation) rules.

FITA rounds consist of 24 targets, which may have marked or unmarked distances depending on the specific type of round. FITA Field Archery is very popular in Western Europe whereas 3D is shot mostly in the Americas and Oceania. National Field Archery Association (NFAA) is the US affiliate of the International Field Archery Association. Three common types of NFAA round are the field, hunter, and animal. A round consists of 28 targets in two units of 14. The information in the following sections is taken from the NFAA Styles and Rules.

Some national organisations (such as the NFAS in the UK) have their own rules. n the United Kingdom the NFAS (National Field Archery Society) sets the rules for many shoots including Big Game and 3D shoots. Most of these consist of 36 or 40 targets or 2x20 targets. The NFAS is not affiliated to any international organisation.

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Archery - Target Archery

Target Archery is all about shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. Target Archery is governed by the International Archery Federation, abbreviated FITA (Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc). All types of bow; longbow, barebow, recurve and compound can be used in Target Archery. In United Kingdom, Imperial rounds, measured in yards, are still used for a lot of tournaments and these have slightly different rules to FITA (metric) rounds, which are used internationally. Archers are divided into seniors and juniors, with juniors being those under the age of 18.

Archery competitions may be held indoors or outdoors. Indoor rounds are normally shot at one distance, whereas outdoor competitions normally consist of several distances. Since archery involves the use of potentially lethal equipment, much attention is paid to order and safety. All competitors must wait for the command to start shooting and are not allowed to collect arrows while other people are shooting.

For FITA rounds, standard indoor distances are 18m and 25m. Outdoor distances range from 30m to 90m for senior archers, with juniors being able to shoot closer distances. In the Olympic Games, 70m is used. Competition is divided into ends. An archer shoots either 3 or 6 arrows per end, depending on the type of round. After each end, the competitors walk to the target to score and retrieve their arrows. There are 20 ends of 3 arrows in a standard round of indoor competition (i.e. the FITA 18 or the FITA 25). Archers have a set time limit in which to shoot their arrows. For indoor competition, under FITA rules this is 2 minutes for 3 arrows.

For Imperial rounds, the standard indoor distance is 20 yd (18 m), with 5 dozen arrows being shot in a round known as a Portsmouth round. Outdoor distances range from 40 yd (37 m) to 100 yd (91 m), for seniors, and 10 yd (9.1 m) to 80 yd (73 m) for juniors. Competition is divided into ends. An archer shoots either 3 arrows per end (indoors) or 6 arrows per end (outdoors). After each end, the competitors walk to the target to score and retrieve their arrows.

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Saturday 4 June 2011

Archery - International Games

International Competitions for Archery can be classified in the categories of Target Archery and Field Archery.

Target Archery

- Olympic Games
- Paralympic Games
- Asian Games
- Commonwealth Games
- FITA Archery World Cup
- Target World Championship

Field Archery

- Scottish Championships (UK; Easter weekend)
- 3D Championships (UK; Bank Holiday weekend; End of May)
- National Championships (UK; 3rd weekend in September)
- World Outdoor Archery Festival (USA)

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Archery - Modern Competitive Archery

Modern Competitive Archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery. A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field archery, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting. Competitive Archery is governed by the International Archery Federation (FITA), and FITA rules are often considered normative. But large non-FITA-affiliated archery organizations do exist with different rules. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms, as well as archery novelty games.

Target archery is the most popular form of archery, in which members shoot at stationary circular targets at varying distances. Target archery is governed by the International Archery Federation, abbreviated FITA (Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc). All types of bows can be used: longbow, barebow, recurve and compound. In Great Britain, Imperial rounds, measured in yards, are still used for a lot of tournaments and these have slightly different rules to FITA (metric) rounds, which are used internationally. Archers are divided into seniors and juniors, with juniors being those under the age of 18.

Field archery involves shooting at targets of varying (and often unmarked) distance, often in woodland and rough terrain. One goal of field archery is to improve the techniques and abilities required for bow hunting in a more realistic outdoor setting. As with golf, fatigue can be an issue as the athlete walks the distance between targets across sometimes rough terrain. Field Archery is usually shot according to either IFAA (International Field Archery Association) rules or to FITA (Federation International de Tir a L'Arc) rules. Some national organisations (such as the NFAS in the UK) have their own rules. FITA rounds consist of 24 targets, which may have marked or unmarked distances depending on the specific type of round. FITA Field Archery is very popular in Western Europe whereas 3D is shot mostly in the Americas and Oceania.

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Archery - Aiming Methods

Aiming Methods for archery are of two main forms: using a mechanical or fixed sight or barebow. Barebow aiming methods include Gap, Split Vision, Point of Aim, String Walking, Face Walking and Instinctive Aiming.

Mechanical sights can be affixed to the bow to aid in aiming. They can be as simple as a pin or optical with magnification. They usually also have a peep sight (rear sight) built into the string which aids in a consistent anchor point. Modern compound bows automatically limit the draw length which gives a consistent arrow velocity while traditional bows allow great variation in draw length. Mechanical methods to make a traditional bow's draw length consistent are sometimes used. Instinctive archers use a sight picture which includes the target, the bow, the hand, the arrow shaft and the arrow tip, as seen at the same time by the archer. With a fixed "anchor point" (where the string is brought to, or close to, the face), and a fully extended bow arm, successive shots taken with the sight picture in the same position will fall on the same point.

This allows the archer to adjust aim with successive shots in order to achieve accuracy. A fixed anchor point cannot be used with short bows, which by definition do not allow a full draw. Modern archery equipment usually includes sights. Instinctive aiming is used by many archers who use traditional bows. The two most common forms of a non-mechanical release are split-finger and three-under. Split-finger aiming requires the archer to place the index finger above the nocked arrow, while the middle and ring fingers are both placed below. Three-under aiming places the index, middle, and ring fingers under the nocked arrow. This technique allows the archer to better look down the arrow since the back of the arrow is closer to the dominant eye, and is commonly called "gun barreling" (referring to common aiming techniques used with firearms).

When using short bows, or shooting from horseback, it is difficult to use the sight picture. The archer may look at the target but without including the weapon in the field of accurate view. Aiming involves a similar sort of hand/eye coordination which includes proprioceptive and motor/muscle memory between the mind/body connection that is used when throwing a baseball or shooting a basketball. With sufficient practice, such archers can normally achieve good practical accuracy for hunting or for war. Aiming without a sight picture may allow more rapid shooting.

Currently, Instinctive Shooting is a term used to describe a style of shooting that includes the barebow aiming method that relies heavily upon the subconscious mind, proprioceptive and motor/muscle memory to make aiming adjustments while years ago the term was used to generalize and/or categorize those archers who did not use a mechanical or fixed sight.

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Archery - Shooting Technique

Bow is held in the hand opposite to the archer's dominant eye, though holding the bow in the dominant hand side is advocated by some. This hand is referred to as the bow hand and its arm the bow arm. The opposite hand is called the drawing hand or string hand. Terms such as bow shoulder or string elbow follow the same convention. Right-eye-dominant archers hold the bow with their left hand, have their left side facing the target, sight towards the target with their right eye and handle the arrow and string with their right hand.

To shoot an arrow, an archer first assumes the correct stance. The body should be perpendicular to the target and the shooting line, with the feet placed shoulder-width apart. As an archer progresses from beginner to a more advanced level an "open stance" is used/developed. Each archer will have a particular preference but mostly this term indicates that the leg furthest from the shooting line will be a half to a whole foot-length in front of the other, on the ground.

To load, the bow is pointed toward the ground and the shaft of the arrow is placed on an arrow rest which is attached in the bow window. The back of the arrow is attached to the bowstring with the nock (a small plastic component which is typified by a "v" groove for this purpose). This is called "nocking the arrow". As said above, typical arrows with three vanes should be oriented such that a single vane, the "cock feather" is pointing away from the bow.

The bowstring and arrow are held with three fingers. When using a sight, the index finger is placed above the arrow and the next two fingers below. Instinctive shooting is a technique eschewing sights and is often preferred by traditional archers (shooters of longbows and recurves). In either case the string is usually placed in either the first or second joint of the fingers.

The bow is then raised and drawn. This is often one fluid motion which tends to vary from archer to archer. The string hand is drawn towards the face, where it should rest lightly at an anchor point. This point is consistent from shot to shot and is usually at the corner of the mouth or on the chin. The bow arm is held outwards toward the target. The elbow of this arm should be rotated so that the inner elbow is perpendicular to the ground, though archers with hyper extendable elbows tend to angle the inner elbow toward the ground.

In proper form, the archer stands erect, forming a 'T'. The archer's lower trapezius muscles are used to pull the arrow to the anchor point. Some bows will be equipped with a mechanical device, called a clicker, which produces a clicking sound when the archer reaches the correct draw length. The arrow is typically released by relaxing the fingers of the drawing hand. Usually this type of release aims to keep the drawing arm rigid and move it back using the back muscles, as opposed to using arm motion. An archer should also pay attention to the recoil or follow through of his or her body, as it may indicate problems with form (technique).

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Archery - Bow String

Bow String joins the two ends of the bow stave and launches the arrow. Desirable properties include light weight, strength, resistance to abrasion, and resistance to water. Mass has most effect at the center of the string; one gram of extra mass in the middle of the string slows the arrow about as much as 3.5 grams at the ends. Most bow strings may be described as either simple, reverse-twisted, or looped.

Simple strings may be made of any fiber, twisted into a single cord. Such strings have been used in many parts of the world and are still effective and fairly quick to make. However, they tend to be weaker for their weight, and they may also come apart if not kept constantly under tension. They are normally secured to the bow by a knot at each end.

Reverse-twisted strings are traditional in Europe and North America for most natural materials. Linen and hemp fiber have been widely used. The form is also used for modern materials. A reverse-twisted string is made of separate bundles, each bundle individually twisted in one direction; the entire group of bundles is then twisted in the other direction. The result tends to be stronger for its weight than a simple or looped string, and holds together better than a simple string. A further advantage is that the full thickness of the string passes around the nocks on the ends of the bow, where wear is usually greatest. Additional threads may also be laid in at the nocking points for the bow stave and for the arrow, which are sites of likely wear. The string may be secured to the bow by a knot at each end, usually a timber hitch, also known as the bower's knot.

Looped strings are made of one or more continuous loops of material. Modern strings are often made as a single continuous loop: this is then served to give the final form. Disadvantages include the lesser amount of fiber at the ends, where wear is most likely; this may be overcome by serving the string. In many parts of Asia, traditional strings have a single loop in the center, with the ends made of separate lengths tied on using a special knot. This design allows extra fiber to be used at the ends, where weight is less important and wear more likely.

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Friday 3 June 2011

Archery - Types of Fletching

Fletching is traditionally made from bird feathers, usually Turkey. Also solid plastic vanes and thin sheetlike spin vanes are used. They are attached near the nock (rear) end of the arrow with thin double sided tape, glue, or, traditionally, sinew. Three fletches is the most common configuration in all cultures, though as many as six have been used. Two will result in unstable arrow flight.

When three-fletched the fletches are equally spaced around the shaft with one placed such that it is perpendicular to the bow when nocked on the string (though with modern equipment, variations are seen especially when using the modern spin vanes). This fletch is called the "index fletch" or "cock feather" (also known as "the odd vane out" or "the nocking vane") and the others are sometimes called the "hen feathers". Commonly, the cock feather is of a different color. Traditionally, the hens are solid and the cock is barred. However, if archers are using fletching made of feather or similar material, they may use same color vanes, as different dyes can give varying stiffness to vanes, resulting in less precision. When four-fletched, often two opposing fletches are cock feathers and occasionally the fletches are not evenly spaced.

The fletching may be either parabolic (short feathers in a smooth parabolic curve) or shield (generally shaped like half of a narrow shield) cut and is often attached at an angle, known as helical fletching, to introduce a stabilizing spin to the arrow while in flight. Whether helicial or straight fletched, when natural fletching (bird feathers) are used it is critical that all feathers come from the same side of the bird.

Oversized fletchings can be used to accentuate drag and thus limit the range of the arrow significantly; these arrows are called flu-flus. Misplacement of fletchings can often change the arrow's flight path dramatically.

Archery - Types of Arrows

The most common form of arrow consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end and with fletchings and a nock attached to the other end. Shafts are typically composed of solid wood, fiberglass, aluminium alloy, carbon fiber, or composite materials. Wooden arrows are prone to warping. Fiberglass arrows are brittle, but can be produced to uniform specifications easily.

Aluminium shafts were a very popular high-performance choice in the latter half of the 20th century due to their straightness, lighter weight, and subsequently higher speed and flatter trajectories. Carbon fiber arrows became popular in the 1990s and are very light, flying even faster and flatter than aluminium arrows. Today, arrows made up of composite materials are the most popular tournament arrows at Olympic Events, especially the Easton X10 and A/C/E.

The arrowhead is the primary functional component of the arrow. Some arrows may simply use a sharpened tip of the solid shaft, but it is far more common for separate arrowheads to be made, usually from metal, stone, or other hard materials. The most commonly used forms are target points, field points, and broad-heads, although there are also other types, such as bodkin, judo, and blunt heads.

Archery - Types of Bows

While there is great variety in the construction details of bows (both historic and modern) all bows consist of a string attached to elastic limbs that store mechanical energy imparted by the user drawing the string. Bows may be broadly split into two categories: those drawn by pulling the string directly and those that use a mechanism to pull the string.

Directly drawn bows may be further divided based upon differences in the method of limb construction, notable examples being self bows, laminated bows and composite bows. Bows can also be classified by the bow shape of the limbs when unstrung; in contrast to simple straight bows, a recurve bow has tips that curve away from the archer when the bow is unstrung. The cross-section of the limb also varies; the classic longbow is a tall bow with narrow limbs that are D-shaped in cross section, and the flatbow has flat wide limbs that are approximately rectangular in cross-section.

The classic D-shape comes from the use of the wood of the yew tree. The sap-wood is best suited to the tension on the back of the bow, and the heart-wood to the compression on the belly. Hence, a limb sector of yew wood shows the narrow, light-coloured sap-wood on the 'straight' part of the D, and the red/orange heartwood forms the curved part of the D, to balance the mechanical tension/compression stress. Cable-backed bows use cords as the back of the bow; the draw weight of the bow can be adjusted by changing the tension of the cable. They were widespread among Inuit who lacked easy access to good bow wood. One variety of cable-backed bow is the Penobscot bow or Wabenaki bow, invented by Frank Loring (Chief Big Thunder) about 1900. It consists of a small bow attached by cables on the back of a larger main bow.

A compound bow is a bow designed to reduce the force required to hold the string at full draw, hence allowing the archer more time to aim with less muscular stress. Most compound designs use cams or elliptical wheels on the ends of the limbs to achieve this. A typical let-off is anywhere from 65%–80%. For example, a 60-pound bow with 80% let-off will only require 12 pounds of force to hold at full draw. Up to 99% let-off is possible.

The compound bow has become the most widely used type of bow for all forms of hunting in North America. The compound bow has become a highly popular form of archery, so much so that it is the most commonly used bow form in archery today. The compound bow was first developed in 1966 by Holless Wilbur Allen in Missouri, and a US patent was granted in 1969.

Mechanically drawn bows typically have a stock or other mounting, such as the crossbow. They are not limited by the strength of a single archer and larger varieties have been used as siege engines.

Modern Primitive Archery

Modern Primitive Archery transitioned after eighteenth century revival of Archery. In the United States, competition archery and bow-hunting for many years used English-style longbows. The revival of modern primitive archery may be traced to Ishi, who came out of hiding in California in 1911. Ishi was the last of the Yahi Indian tribe. His doctor, Saxton Pope, learned many of Ishi's archery skills, and passed them on.

The Pope and Young Club, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, is one of North America's leading bow-hunting and conservation organizations. Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the Club is patterned after the prestigious Boone and Crockett Club. The Club advocates and encourages responsible bow-hunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.

From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts. They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority.

In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. Much of this expertise is available in the Traditional Bowyer's Bibles. Modern game archery owes much of its success to Fred Bear, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.

Archery - History

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a bow. Archery is present in human race from ancient times. Earliest arrows date back 64,000 years from Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Projectile points are known from early in prehistory. The earlier examples were used on spears or on atlatl darts. Bows eventually replaced the atlatl as the predominant means for launching sharp projectiles on all continents except Australia.

Archery figured prominently in the mythologies of many cultures. Classical civilizations fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Archery was an important military and hunting skill before the use of gunpowder. Arrows were especially destructive against unarmoured masses and the use of archers often proved decisive. Mounted archers combined range with speed and mobility in warfare.

Bow and Arrows

The bow seems to have been invented in the late Paleolithic or early Mesolithic periods. The oldest indication for its use in Europe comes from the Stellmoor in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg, Germany and date from the late Paleolithic, about 10,000–9000 BC. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft and a 15–20 centimetre (6–8 inches) long fore shaft with a flint point. The oldest bows known so far come from the Holmegård swamp in Denmark.

Bows and arrows have been present in Egyptian culture since its pre-dynastic origins. Classical civilizations, notably the Assyrians, Persians, Parthians, Indians, Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese and Turks fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Archery was highly developed in Asia and in the Islamic world. In East Asia, ancient Korean civilizations, such as the Silla, Baekje, and Goguryeo were well known for their regiments of exceptionally skilled archers. Central Asian tribesmen (after the domestication of the horse) and American Plains Indians (after gaining access to horses) were extremely adept at archery on horseback.